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The Penny Black , Before Sir Rowland Hill came up with his idea of a stamp, very few people in England were able to send and receive letters. People couldn't pay for their letters in advance: it was the people who received the letters who had to pay for them. The postman took the money when he brought the mail. Letters were expensive too. At the beginning of the 19th century a letter cost fourpence for a distance of seven miles. Over seven miles and under fifteen miles it cost sixpence. At that time a worker eamed fourpence a day. In 1837 Sir Rowland Hill, a school master, published a pamphlet called "Post Office Reform". The main ideas of the pamphlet were: "Letters shouldn't be so expensive. The price of a letter shouldn't be more than one penny. Everybody should be able to send letters... That's how Sir Rowland Hill invented the first official stamp in the world and became the "father of modern post office". The stamp is called the Penny Black because it cost one penny, had a watermark of a small crown, and was black in colour.