В какой форме стоит сказуемое в предложениях??
1)In factories and plants we are surrounded with electronically controlled
machines and instruments, we are carried by airplanes, ships, trains
and cars with built-in electronic devices, and satellites circle the
globe.
2)To develop such a computer qualitatively new integrated circuits were required.

3)Already, the optical equivalent of a transistor has been produced, and
intensive research on optical-electronic computers is being carried out
in a number of countries around the world.